Picture this. Africa, somewhere. A man and a woman, sitting together, in green shade. Husband and wife, or perhaps mother and son – her face soft with care as her hand rests on his arm. It’s a peaceful image, in a world fast becoming less so.

There was a time, after the end of the Cold War and its proxy battles, when it seemed as though violence had gone out of fashion. As peacebuilding experts International Alert note, the number of wars under way had dropped from 50 in 1990, to just 30 in 2010. Decades-long conflicts in Colombia, Myanmar, the Philippines and elsewhere were sealed in peace accords. Just a few years on, and the picture is bloodied again, with new wars bringing the total back up to 40, and new, alarming types of terrorism surging fear into the heart of the world’s great cities once more.

Reconciliation efforts have been central to Rwanda’s response to the 1994 genocide. Image: Hanna Morris

But there’s another story out there. It rarely makes the news, but it holds out quiet hope behind the headlines. It’s a story of peacebuilding; of finding ways to bring people together, to defuse anger before it explodes, to build resilience into shattered communities.

Mapping out hope in the slums

The Arab Spring burst into life in Tunis in 2011, fuelled by years of frustration among a generation of young, often underemployed men. Several years on, many of the hopes they felt then have withered, as old corrupt patterns re-emerge. Some turn to gangs and crime, some to Islamist extremism, including Islamic State, which found a ready source of recruits among them.

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But in two of the most deprived districts of the capital, Ettadhamen and Douar Hicher – often described as hotbeds of radicalism – others are busy using a version of the OpenStreetMap app to map out their neighbourhoods. No one has ever done so before, as the areas were seen as simply slums. Now, in a partnership with International Alert, young men and women are using their newly created maps to pinpoint places in need of basic services: rubbish collection, a health post, or road improvements to tackle an accident blackspot. And they are helping shape how local budgets are allocated, with the Ettadhamen municipality allocating half its spending to be decided by citizen forums, with a third of their members under the age of 35.

As Hassen, one of the participants, says: “At first the authorities didn’t believe in us. They thought we were just taking pictures with our phones. But now they have seen our achievements, they respect us.”

Planting peace in Syria

A garden might seem the gentlest of responses to Syria’s vicious, intractable war. But giving children the chance to grow their own fruit and vegetables in school plots not only ensures they eat better in a country where agricultural supply chains have been badly disrupted. It also instils a sense of nurturing; of sowing seeds – literally – for the future. A joint EU–UN project has seen gardens created in 17 schools, including in conflict zones such as Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Idlib. Teachers are trained to deliver gardening skills, and water tanks and drip irrigation help ensure a good harvest. More than 12 tonnes of fruit and vegetables have been produced to date.

Schoolchildren in Syria are being taught to grow fruit and vegetables in school plots. Image: Daniel Hjalmarsson

The children are taking their learning back home. As the mother of one girl, Bilasan from rural Damascus, says: “She’s planted strawberries, and every morning she gets the hose and waters the plants and tells me ‘this is what I learned at school, mum!’”

The scheme is now being extended to another 35 schools, thanks to support from the Japanese government.

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In Lebanon, meanwhile, International Alert is running peace education classes to help traumatised Syrian refugee children such as 12-year-old Aboud, whose elder brother was a fighter, and who wanted to follow in his footsteps to become a brigade commander, even after he was killed.

His teacher, Aida, says: “The children [have been] surrounded only by violence, so no wonder that is how they respond. How they express it is different, but they all feel rage. We are showing them that there is another way to be, to behave. At first the parents were not sure. Now they are asking for classes to happen twice a week, for adult classes, and for longer classes.”

Hatem, Aboud’s father, is among them. Sceptical at first, he noticed a change in his son as the teachers gradually gave him ways to express anger and show leadership without bullying his classmates. “I never expected it to work [but I’ve seen] his behaviour change even at home. Instead of breaking plates after a meal, he now washes them.”

The children [have been] surrounded only by violence, so no wonder that is how they respond. We are showing them that there is another way to be, to behave

Rwanda: land of a thousand healings

Rwanda’s extraordinary recovery after the trauma of the 1994 genocide owes much to its adoption of reconciliation, rather than retribution, as a response. With hundreds of thousands of perpetrators and victims on either side, it had little choice. A system of local courts imposed sentences, many of which included elements of community work. But healing takes time – time to talk, and to listen. Local NGOs collaborated with International Alert to set up ‘dialogue clubs’, bringing attackers and those they hurt – many of whom still live in the same villages – together.

Aloys and Patricia worked through their shared trauma. Image: Carol Allen-Storey for International Alert

People like Aloys and Patricia, pictured above. Neither husband and wife, nor mother and son, but rather, a one-time killer and his prey. During the genocide, Aloys was part of a group who attacked Patricia with machetes, leaving her for dead, after most of her family had been killed. Two decades on, they live as neighbours. Dialogue clubs have helped them come to terms with their past.

After serving eight years in jail, Aloys faced many more years of shame and isolation, not to mention fear of revenge, but thanks to the clubs, he says, he was able to approach Patricia and other victims and ask their forgiveness. “This has given me the dignity I lost when I was in jail.”

Patricia, too, has been able to find some solace. She says: “There is no future for peace unless we can live in peace with our neighbours, even if they were among those who attacked me.”

SMALL MIRACLES

Grassroots initiatives like these may seem a fragile gesture in the face of the horror of war. But by healing wounds, and turning potential killers away from violence, they’re achieving small miracles – for the merest fraction of what is spent on fighting. Globally, the total budget for peacebuilding of all kinds in 2016 was $10bn – and that includes some major peacekeeping operations. By comparison, military expenditure in that year was $1.7tn (£1.3tn)– close to 200 times as much. And the cost of conflict to the world’s economy in the same period? $14.3tn (£10.8tn). If ever there were a case for investment, this is surely it.

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A hospital in Syria can run for up to 24 hours on renewable power, thanks to the installation of 480 solar panels.

Six years of civil war has destroyed many of the country’s hospital buildings and decimated the electricity infrastructure. As a result, the vital medical services that remain are reliant on diesel power, which puts them at the mercy of fuel shortages and price spikes.

The solar project was desperately needed. Many patients have died from simple power outages

“Incubators, respirators and other life-saving equipment need stable access to power,” said Dr Anas Al Kassem, chairman of Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations (UOSSM), who set up the Syria Solar project. “Many patients have died from simple power outages. The solar project was desperately needed. I am overjoyed that the project is running at full capacity and saving lives.”

The hospital’s new power system was fully operational from early June after ten weeks spent installing and testing it. The project is expected to save an average of 7,000 litres of diesel per month, amounting to 20-30 per cent of the hospital’s monthly energy costs.

As a result of the project’s initial success, another five hospitals could soon get panels, say those at UOSSM.

Image: Tarek Makdissi, project director UOSSM Syria Solar

Main image: Flickr member Beshr Abdulhadi

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The number of offers from councils in the UK to host Syrian refugees has now exceeded the government pledge of taking in 20,000. Local authorities have already committed enough homes to accommodate 21,650 Syrian refugees, according to research by the Guardian.

In many cases, councils have upped their offers of help after campaigns by grassroots charities and community groups. Some report being “overwhelmed” by public support to help resettle people displaced by the six-year war in the Middle Eastern nation. Around 30 local authorities report that housing was freed up after charities and faith groups made property available.

Civil society is more than ready. It makes me very proud as a Brit; very proud as a former refugee

Bekele Woyecha, a community organiser at Citizens UK, is a former refugee from Ethiopia. “Civil society is more than ready,” he said. “I think there is an information gap: Citizens UK was able to build 96 welcome teams across Britain in 18 months who were all willing to do their bit locally. The British public is ready to keep the tradition of offering sanctuary. It makes me very proud as a Brit; very proud as a former refugee.”

Bekele Woyecha is an organiser at Citizens UK, a charity that builds and supports civil society alliances

The finding contrasts starkly with claims by Robert Goodwill, UK immigration minister, that a lack of capacity at local authority level meant he must significantly reduce the number of unaccompanied children to be offered refuge in the UK.

Many councils have pledged to make even more properties available if necessary. More than 6,000 Syrian refugees have been settled in the UK so far.

Featured image: Citizens UK

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Mussa, a Kurdish-Syrian boy, had been living for months in an unofficial camp at the Greek port of Piraeus when he met photographer Nessim Stevenson.

Strong, stubborn and cunning, the five-year-old spent his days teasing volunteers and sneaking into a storage warehouse in search of juice and croissants. A few days before he was photographed, he had led a group of friends out of the makeshift camp for a trip to the beach, only returning under the cover of dark.

Stevenson said: “His expression here represents the pride and resilience of his people despite the desperate living conditions in the camp and the uncertain future they face.”

Photography: Nessim Stevenson

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With the world’s focus firmly on the European response to the refugee crisis in recent months, attention has arguably been diverted away from the humanitarian needs of the Middle East itself.

Only a minority of refugees have fled to Europe, with the majority of Syrians travelling across neighbouring borders to Jordan, Turkey and Lebanon. These movements of people have placed considerable pressure on already stretched public services, and children – one of the most vulnerable groups – are being severely affected.

Hundreds of thousands of them are at risk of becoming ill, malnourished, abused and exploited – and for the vast majority, they have no access to education.

A significant proportion of the 13 million children reported by UNICEF as deprived of an education in the Middle East are from Syria. With limited and interrupted education, what does the future hold for these children – and for the future of Syria?

Limited access

The humanitarian needs of the region are complex. Each year, international aid providers struggle to provide resources to this enormous regional diaspora, with donor pledges failing to meet annual strategic response plan targets.

Most recently the UN World Food Programme has had to cut food rations substantially for populations in all refugee-hosting countries. Though rarely highlighted in mainstream media there is undoubtedly a connection between these cuts and the current European migration crisis.

Syrian children in Jordan have access to education within the two main formal refugee camps, but only a small number attend because their parents need them to work to support their families.

Tara Shoham, a researcher with the Emergency Nutrition Network, described how refugees have to compete with the poorest among the local population for access to critical services. After visiting the Zaa’tari camp and the informal tented settlement in Jordan she reported:

“Educational facilities are limited, with many parents in financial difficulty resorting to marrying off their young teenage girls and sending their children to work instead of school.”

The situation is the same in Turkey and Lebanon – increased demands on public services have fractured and overwhelmed systems for refugees and locals alike. Most refugee households are left with no choice but to use their children to support their families, limiting their chances of obtaining an education.

Accessing education is not the only issue. The quality of education has declined as a result of overcrowded classrooms (there are on average 120 children to each teacher in the Zaa’tari camp in Jordan). Not only are Syria’s neighbours dealing with curriculum complexities and cultural barriers, they have had to absorb the influx of refugees into already underfunded education systems.

With only two percent of international humanitarian aid allocated to education, it is hard to see how Syrian refugee children will receive an education.

Positive moves, but not enough

There are a number of positive initiatives taking place to support learning opportunities. In Syria, where there are an estimated two million children out of school or at risk of dropping out, UNICEF has launched the Back to Learning initiative for 2015-16 – aiming to reach more than one million children with education supplies.

In Turkey, the Syrian teacher incentive programme has been scaled up with 5,503 teachers supported monthly to improve the quality of learning for over 175,000 Syrian refugee children.

In Jordan, UNICEF and 20 partners are working on the Makani (My Space) programme, with 128 Makani centres providing alternative education, psychosocial support and life skills already in place and another 93 expected to be in place by the end of 2015.

The private sector is also involved. Pearson, the global educational publisher, is planning to spend £1m to help find solutions for Syria’s refugee education crisis, as well as another £500,000 to support two education centres in Amman designed and run by Save the Children.

According to Save the Children, the long-term impact of Syrian children never returning to school is estimated at 5.4 percent of Syria’s GDP, or £1.5bn. The charity has called on donors to fund the $224m (£148m) the UN estimates is required for the education of Syrian children.

Syria needs its children to build a better future but education is more than just economics – it is about aspiration, hopes and dreams. After the trauma they have gone through Syrian children deserve to dream of new beginnings.

First published by the Conversation

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The Syrian situation has been described as the worst refugee crisis since the second world war. More than two million men, women and children are languishing in hastily erected camps in neighbouring Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan. More than half are children and vulnerable women.

The British government has pledged £600m to aid the refugees – making it the second largest bilateral donor worldwide. Something to be proud of, but is it enough? In late January, the government also performed a U-turn on its decision not to host refugees and said it would allow a limited number of the most vulnerable from the Syrian conflict into Britain. Although no quota has been announced, a figure of up to 500 has been mooted.

But is there more that each and every one of us could do? One answer may be to offer our own homes.

In December 2013, I gave a lecture at Limmud, the national learning conference for Jewish people, where I talked about the nationwide response to the second world war refugee crisis. A member of the audience asked: “Why don’t we do the same today – offer our homes as a temporary refuge for Syrian refugees?” It struck me as a good idea. A few days later, I gathered a group of friends in Cambridge and the 10,000 Homes for Syrian Refugees campaign was born.

Our inspiration came from the Kindertransport rescue of 1938-39. Answering the need to rescue the Jewish children of Nazi-occupied Europe, volunteers from all over Britain came forward to offer homes to these children, as well as training places, help with medical needs, social clubs, canteens and befriending schemes. This was all in an age before social services and free healthcare.

“To us, it’s clear that the British people are ready to take action as their grandparents did 75 years ago”

The idea now is to galvanise the natural goodwill of British people and ask them to emulate the families who offered their homes in 1939, and in doing so, add another notch of pressure on the government. Already, Germany has taken in 11,000 refugees from Syria as part of the UN’s international resettlement programme, which aims to bring to Europe the most vulnerable refugees: mothers with children, the old and disabled; women in physical danger. What the British government announced in January is a good start, but nowhere near a large enough response to what is a catastrophic need.

We are not an NGO or any kind of authority; all we are is a group of concerned citizens. The logistics of choosing which refugees to send to Britain and the arrangements for getting them here will be the responsibility of the British government working with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), while initial medical, psychological and welfare support will be in the hands of local authorities, social services and others.

But what we the British people can offer are homes; a temporary place of refuge. If we can collect offers of up to 10,000 homes for the Syrian refugees, the list of those willing to offer a home will be forwarded to the appropriate authorities. It will then be up to these bodies to liaise with potential home-givers.

Already the campaign has been receiving offers of help: “I have a large empty house and am willing to look after up to 12 refugees,” states one widowed lady. “We have a spare room and would be happy to take in a refugee from Syria,” say an elderly couple. To us, it’s clear that the British people, with their natural generosity of spirit once called upon, are ready to take action as their grandparents did 75 years ago.

Though we have little power to change policy, as homeowners we are at least at the end of a long supply chain of care. Our message is a simple one: “We have a home.”

For more information and to sign up to offer a temporary home for Syrian refugees: www.tenthousandhomes.org.uk, www.facebook.com/10kHomes, Twitter hashtag: #10khomes

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